After the death of king Edward I of England, the throne was occupied by his son, Edward II. Edward II was weak and impulsive, and his...

"The turning point at which history failed to turn." Context Early 19th century was dominated by Napoleon Bonaparte. The French emperor...

Joan lived in a small town of Domremy, and claimed she heard voices from god. When she was 16, she heard the voices assign her a mission...

The Hundred Years War (which was actually 116 years, from 1337-1453) is probably one of the most, if not the most, significant conflict...

Who is Voltaire? Francois-Marie Arouet, or better known by his pen name Voltaire, was a French philosopher and writer. He was part of the...

Who was Rousseau? Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) was an 18th century philosopher from Geneva. He moved to France when he was 30, and...

Who were the Templars? Simply put, the Templars were a Christian (more specifically, Catholic) military order founded in 1119. At first,...

In 1815, once Napoleon was safely exiled in St. Helena, European leaders came together in what is known as the Congress of Vienna, to...

Prologue Out of all religious disputes, conflicts, and war, the Protestant Reformation and the varying reactions to the sudden decrease...

The word sans-culottes in French literally means “without breeches.” But what did that have to do with the French Revolution?

The French Revolution (1789-1799) was perhaps one of the greatest turning points in European history.